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Japanese and other east asian ethnicities, races, genetic origin, some DNA analysis

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The point is no one really cares and be bothered to post long and confusing scientific articles to prove one's origin. Of course, no one can be bothered to read them and take them seriously.

You are from HongKong right? What then do you think the origin of your ethnicities?
 
As a reference, I cite the nomencature system for Y-haplogroup.

Genome Research, Vol. 12, Issue 2, 339-348, February 2002

A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups
The Y Chromosome Consortium1
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Figure 1 The single most parsimonious tree of 153 haplogroups (left) showing correspondences with prior nomenclatures (right). The root of the tree is denoted with an arrow. Haplogroup names and Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) sample numbers are given at the tips of the tree, and major clades are labeled with large capital letters and shaded in color (the entire cladogram is designated haplogroup Y). The "*" symbol indicates an internal node on the tree or paragroup (see text). For space reasons, subclade labels are entered to the left of the corresponding links. Mutation names are given along the branches; major clades are labeled with a larger font than are their subclades. The length of each branch is not proportional to the number of mutations or the age of the mutation; each subclade is given a unit of depth in the tree. Some of the branches were elongated artificially to make room for a number of phylogenetically equivalent markers on a single branch. The order of phylogenetically equivalent markers shown on each branch is arbitrary. Prior nomenclatures are named according to author and are taken from the following publications: () Jobling and Tyler-Smith (2000) and Kaladjieva et al. (2001); () Underhill et al. (2000); () Hammer et al. (2001); () Karafet et al. (2001); () Semino et al. (2000); () Su et al. (1999); and () Capelli et al. (2001). Noncontiguous naming systems in prior nomenclatures result either from the use of non-PCR markers that have not been typed on the YCC panel or unpublished lineage definitions. Prior haplogroup names shown in red are found in more than one position in the phylogeny. Cross-hatching within the "Semino" nomenclature indicates lineages that cannot be named according to their system. Mutations M104 and P22 on lineage M2 are independent discoveries of the same polymorphic marker.
 
One guy pointed me out this thread. Thought nice to share here.
The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity
PNAS | August 28, 2001 | vol. 98 | no. 18 | 10244-10249
The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity
R. Spencer Wellsa,b, Nadira Yuldashevaa,c, Ruslan Ruzibakievc, Peter A. Underhilld, Irina Evseevae, Jason Blue-Smithd, Li Jinf, Bing Suf, Ramasamy Pitchappang, Sadagopal Shanmugalakshmig, Karuppiah Balakrishnang, Mark Readh, Nathaniel M. Pearsoni, Tatiana Zerjalj, Matthew T. Websterk, Irakli Zholoshvilil, Elena Jamarjashvilil, Spartak Gambarovm, Behrouz Nikbinn, Ashur Dostievo, Ogonazar Aknazarovp, Pierre Zallouaq, Igor Tsoyr, Mikhail Kitaevs, Mirsaid Mirrakhimovs, Ashir Charievt, and Walter F. Bodmera,u

ABSTRACT
The nonrecombining portion of the human Y chromosome has proven to be a valuable tool for the study of population history. The maintenance of extended haplotypes characteristic of particular geographic regions, despite extensive admixture, allows complex demographic events to be deconstructed. In this study we report the frequencies of 23 Y-chromosome biallelic polymorphism haplotypes in 1,935 men from 49 Eurasian populations, with a particular focus on Central Asia. These haplotypes reveal traces of historical migrations, and provide an insight into the earliest patterns of settlement of anatomically modern humans on the Eurasian continent. Central Asia is revealed to be an important reservoir of genetic diversity, and the source of at least three major waves of migration leading into Europe, the Americas, and India. The genetic results are interpreted in the context of Eurasian linguistic patterns.
pq1713050001-1.jpg

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of Y-chromosome haplotypes in selected Eurasian populations. Evolutionarily related haplotypes were combined to clarify their display. Colors are those shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region
 
Origin Of Japanese: All Look Same?

An article studying facial structures of jomon/ainu japanese and chinese.

http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/171305898v1

Published online before print July 31, 2001, 10.1073/pnas.171305898

Old World sources of the first New World human inhabitants: A comparative craniofacial view
C. Loring Brace*,, A. Russell Nelson*,, Noriko Seguchi*, Hiroaki Oeツ⇒? Leslie Sering*, Pan Qifengツ?キ, Li Yongyi, and Dashtseveg Tumen**
* Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071; ツ⇒ Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; ツ?キ Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 27 Wangfujing Dajie, Beijing 100710, China; Department of Anatomy, Chengdu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 13 Xing Lo Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; and ** Department of Anthropology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar-51, Mongolia

Communicated by Kent V. Flannery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, June 18, 2001 (received for review January 2, 2001)

Abstract
Human craniofacial data were used to assess the similarities and differences between recent and prehistoric Old World samples, and between these samples and a similar representation of samples from the New World. The data were analyzed by the neighbor-joining clustering procedure, assisted by bootstrapping and by canonical discriminant analysis score plots. The first entrants to the Western Hemisphere of maybe 15,000 years ago gave rise to the continuing native inhabitants south of the U.S.-Canadian border. These show no close association with any known mainland Asian population. Instead they show ties to the Ainu of Hokkaido and their Jomon predecessors in prehistoric Japan and to the Polynesians of remote Oceania. All of these also have ties to the Pleistocene and recent inhabitants of Europe and may represent an extension from a Late Pleistocene continuum of people across the northern fringe of the Old World. With roots in both the northwest and the northeast, these people can be described as Eurasian. The route of entry to the New World was at the northwestern edge. In contrast, the Inuit (Eskimo), the Aleut, and the Na-Dene speakers who had penetrated as far as the American Southwest within the last 1,000 years show more similarities to the mainland populations of East Asia. Although both the earlier and later arrivals in the New World show a mixture of traits characteristic of the northern edge of Old World occupation and the Chinese core of mainland Asia, the proportion of the latter is greater for the more recent entrants.


pq1713058004gif-1.jpg


Fig. 4. A dendrogram based on the samples used to construct Fig. 3, plus a Bronze Age Mongolian group and four others from the Western Hemisphere. (A) The neighbor-joining method was used on 1,000 bootstrap samplings to generate the pattern displayed. (B) The relationships among the groups are also displayed by canonical discriminant function scores. The first discriminant function accounts for 48% of total variation, and the second accounts for 16%.


pq1713058005-1.jpg

Fig. 5. The arrows indicate the spread of Levallois point makers eastward across the northern edge of the Old World between 200,000 and 170,000 years ago; the expansion from Southeast Asia to New Guinea and Australia 60,000 years ago; the spread to the northernmost portions of the Old World and the initial entry into the New World 15,000 years ago; and population movements at both the western and eastern edges of the Old World and into the New World after the development of agriculture after the end of the Pleistocene.
 
Craniofacial studies

Useful information on the differences between yayoi and jomon japanese. I posted this material on another thread, but I decided to post up materials as it is extremely useful to understand the background works done in the past.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1989 Jan;78(1):93-113.
Reflections on the face of Japan: a multivariate craniofacial and odontometric perspective.Brace CL, Brace ML, Leonard WR.
Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109.
Craniofacial variables for modern and prehistoric Japanese were subjected to multivariate analysis to test the relationships of the people of Japan with mainland Asian and Oceanic samples. The modern Japanese are tied to Koreans, Chinese, Southeast Asians, and the Yayoi rice agriculturalists who entered Japan in 300 B.C. Together they make up a Mainland-Asia cluster of related populations. The prehistoric Jomon foragers, the original inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago, are the direct ancestors of the modern Ainu, who made a recognizable contribution to the warrior class--the Samurai--of feudal Japan. Together, they are associated with Polynesians and Micronesians in a Jomon-Pacific cluster of related populations. Jomon-to-Ainu tooth size reduction proceeded at the same rate as that observable in the post-Pleistocene elsewhere in the Old World.
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Origin of Japanese people: Emishi, Kofun, Jomon, Ainu

Origin of Japanese:
Here, I give an extract of Jomon Japanese (called emishi) from emishi-ezo.net, which I surprisingly find very useful web site on ancient japanese history.
Emishi, Kofun Culture and The Expansion of Yamato

emishi-ezo.net said:
The nature of the Kanto states is not very clear, but increasingly the evidence points to a people who had both Yayoi and Jomon attributes. By the Fifth century AD states such as Kenu and Musashi were in comparison with Yamato and other Kinai states fairly well organized and strong militarily speaking. They were never conquered militarily by the Yamato, but were gradually absorbed through hegemonic alliances to the point that the court of Yamato was able to compel the people of these states to fight in their armies starting in the Seventh century AD against the Emishi of the Tohoku. What ever happened to the Jomon people in the Kanto? According to recent studies (see The Emishi: What Anthropology tells us) the Jomon people may well have been the majority of the population in the Kanto when the Yayoi people first moved in. By the Kofun period it is clear that the population was between both the Jomon and Yayoi.
image001png-1.jpg

During the Kofun Age (3rd through 6th centuries AD) the areas under Yamato control (dark gray on map) expanded both northeast and southwest. The Kanto plain (represented by the cross-hatched area) came under the hegemony of Yamato at the end of the period as the Kofun states in this region became vassal states of Yamato. The Tohoku region was outside of Yamato's jurisdiction, and under the Emishi people fought against the Yamato state for centuries. Other place names on this and subsequent web pages are mentioned here. Dark lettered names are current usage while gray lettered names are ancient place names.
emishi-ezo.net said:
Were the Kofun states themselves Emishi states? Or was there a collapse in power among the Kofun states before the rise of an external Emishi power from the mountainous interior that was more Jomon in character? The stout resistance the Yamato encountered suggests that the Emishi forces were well equipped and closer technologically to the Yamato forces. Perhaps the Emishi of Isawa lead by Aterui saw themselves as successors to a regional Kofun state? These questions still remain unanswered.
I think these descriptions correspond to the notion of Jomon-emishi predominance of later samurai class in Japan.
 
Origin of Japanese people, language, ethnicity

A good introduction to the origin of japanese people and nation.
The Emishi: What Anthropology tells us
emishi-ezo.net said:
The author argues that the Kofun people have characteristics of both Yayoi and Jomon peoples. The Kofun skeletons are taken from both the Tohoku and Kanto, and surprisingly, they show that the Kanto Kofun types are closely matched to the Tohoku sample, though the Tohoku sample from Miyagi prefecture veers a little more towards the Jomon than the Kanto sample; however they form one group. The conclusion from this study is that the Emishi (or at least the remains of people who lived in the areas where they had lived) were related to both the Ainu and the Japanese, but were neither. We can add to this the evidence from other studies that they also lived in proximity to the Jomon, and included them in their group. Therefore, adding these two together we see for the first time the true face of the Emishi people as a group consisting of 1) Kofun and 2) Jomon people.
image002-1.jpg


Illustration of chinese/korean-like faces of Yayoi, and distinct emishi (jomon/ainu) faces.

emishi-ezo.net said:
What is definitely known is that to contemporary Emishi and Japanese, the Emishi were seen as one group not two. That is, contrary to a number of modern revisionist accounts, the Emishi were not seen as being composed of disparate ethnic groups in alliance with each other. One revisionist account sees Tungusic Emishi in alliance with Ainu, a total fabrication based solely upon the premise I will deal with in a later essay, that the Ainu ancestors could not have challenged the Yamato state (2002:42). Also, there is no evidence that the Emishi was a competing Japanese state that combined the Jomon people (read Ainu ancestors) who were lead by the Mononobe clan who fled the Kinai after their defeat. This theory has been totally discredited as have other similar ones. The problem is lack of evidence for these scenarios. There is only evidence that the Emishi spoke an Ainoid tongue (ultimately itself a Jomon language), and that they were one group composed of Jomon and mixed Jomon people, and were not Japanese. It is consistent with the anthropological evidence that this group's population was changing through the close settlement of Yayoi people, but nevertheless was basically a Jomon population with pre-Japanese cultural roots.
Some nice references:
emish-ezo.net said:
Farris, William Wayne. Heavenly Warriors: The Evolution of Japan's Military: 500-1300 (Harvard University press, 1996).
Nagaoka, Osamu. Kodai Togoku Monogatari (Kadokawa Shoten, Tokyo:1986).
Niino, Naoyoshi. ツ"Emishi kuni no Jitusuzoツ" in Emishi no Sekai (Yamakawa, Tokyo: 1991).
 
IN THE NEWS TONIGHT:

Colored_red discovers Japanese are IN FACT mongoloid.

In other news, people have concurred that the heavily detailed topics of specific Genetic traits and origins belongs in an appropriate forum where such fellow contributors are interested in the topic and are willing and/or capable of reading and understanding the large amounts of data for consideration.

Its a good topic, but not really for this forum, most people here arent fully educated experts in the field of human genetics, in fact most people here only have the most basic understanding of genetics, perhaps your thread will be better suited to a forum set up for the specific function of providing a forum for academics to debate such detailed complex topics.
 
Origin of Japanese: ethnicities, and gene (DNA)

IN THE NEWS TONIGHT:
Colored_red discovers Japanese are IN FACT mongoloid.
Many people now realizes that classification into races doesn't have much scientific sense. There are, indeed, people who doesn't belong to black/white/yellow category.
nurizeko said:
Its a good topic, but not really for this forum, most people here arent fully educated experts in the field of human genetics, in fact most people here only have the most basic understanding of genetics, perhaps your thread will be better suited to a forum set up for the specific function of providing a forum for academics to debate such detailed complex topics.
Thank you for suggestions, but I have already done that. Anyway, all the materials presented (except emishi-ezo.net) are information only scholors would be able to find, while it (Y-haplogroup of Japanese ethnicities) becomes a common sense to population geneticists.
 
very interesting.
:)
I will study DNA analysis this year.

And I have the image of "the Japanese people" like this.
Jomon and Yayoi origin of Japanese royal families #34
How about this ?
 
very interesting.
:)
I will study DNA analysis this year.

And I have the image of "the Japanese people" like this.
Jomon and Yayoi origin of Japanese royal families #34
How about this ?

Thank you for your contribution, nekopon. That's an interesting diagram. I was reading the materials in emishi-ezo.net, and now can understand quiet a bit of your charts. It would be helpful if you can translate all of them into English.

I do you a favor by posting the link to your diagram.
Jomon and Yayoi origin of Japanese royal families
 
Thanks Color Red

Thank you for bothering to post all those articles.
As you say, it is difficult to obtain such articles without first subscribing to various reference sites.
They were most interesting, although I don't have any specialist knowledge in this field. But I think they can be understood by anyone with enough patience, and curiosity that extends beyond simplistic answers and immediate gratification.
This is a topic of importance, because science does not exist in a vacuum apart from society. How the people of this world view themselves is often closely related to their concept of their origins, or how much importance they place on this. Culture is notoriously difficult to define, but sometimes part of this may consist of the "Us and Them" mentality. That is to say, sometimes we like to describe ourselves by what we think we aren't. I don't think I need to directly state the current political implications of this kind of thinking, both in Asia and beyond.

I look forward to a general view of humans that acknowledges that we are multi-faceted in our origins, with many threads through history that have produced a wealth of peoples that continue to change and influence each other, genetically and otherwise. This is not warm-and-fuzzy global idealism. For the first time in history we really have the opportunity to take a step back and have a good hard look at ourselves.
 
I am deeply interested in your information!

Color red...thanks for all your great information, though, in many cases it is over my head.
I am also deeply interested in this subject...and I would like to compare your contributions with some of my own observations...for example...Abe Hiroshi and Tecumseh are absolutely, positively cousins! The mention of "Divine chief Moses" is my own theory of the Judaic tribal presence both in Japan and in the Amerindian tribes...
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What is your opinion? If you like the above, I can do many more from the images you provided...
PS...Where did the name Jomon come from... was it... Bin Jamin...Benjamin?
Ed Z
Fabulous thread, wonderful website!
On a comical side...people say I resemble the President of the United States. The character on the right side is me.
http://tercom.1gb.ru/lol/presidents.jpg
 
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Elvis and Sawamura Kazuki

More facial resemblances... note: Elvis Presley was considered by many to be a "Melungeon". These unique persons, were found in Appalachia and throughout pockets of the midwest America and the South. They were possibly a pre-Columbus, native American group, or possibly a post-Colombus group, with proven DNA from Macedonia, Syria, even Northern India.
His resemblance to Sawamura Kazuki is striking, I believe.
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Chinese Influences around the world...

Color Red, thanks again for this thread...can you point me in the direction of any other Yayoi "galleries" of personalities...I would like to make more photo comparisons with American Presidents, European monarchy, and world celebrities...to show how close we are as a family....
Including possibly the following...
John Wayne, Yao Ming, and the man I consider to be the best candidate for President of the United States...and he can't legally run ...Arnold Schwarzenegger...(the American law should be changed!)
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PS...the image may contain advertising pop-ups...
 
Well, for the discussions around the thread itself, I see no reason why one would be repelled to share such scientific knowledge. As long as it concerns the community a bit and it does not obviously break the rules of a forum, such as the posting of warez, sexually explicit material or using a vulgar language etc., I think any thread can be opened. If it does not interest you, you prefer staying away, instead of showing a finger and yelling about your dislike. If it really is unnecessary, it will die off by itself. Even one member shows interest in what has been posted, then your reactions fall into the "unnecessary" category.

So briefly, let's keep it calm and friendly here. And thanks for sharing specific info with their resources indicated, Color red.

I'm quite overdosed with the genetical background of the topic, but it has been a starting point and the discussion has automatically been simplified to a degree that our scientifically-humble minds could understand.

So..I was intending to open a topic about who Ainu were. Instead of seperately doing it, I guess I'll already be able to find an answer to it here.

Who are the Ainu ?
 
Am I imagining things, or is Ataturk similar in looks?

Jiyuu...
Thanks for your contribution to Color Red's thread.
You mention Ataturk... well, I did the research and, well, I can't say for sure, but there is a "fair resemblance" between the previously mentioned Nozu Michisura, Kemal Ataturk, Abe Lincoln, and an American actor, Daniel J. Travanti. If I had the room, I would add Abe Hiroshi and Tecumseh...

End of the day...we are all related.
What do you think?
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Well, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk has true Turkic origins, father from one of the Yoruk tribes (=nomadic people) used to live around Aydin, my homeland. While his mother was from Konya - Karaman a common place that Turks used to live, due to the existence of once Karaman Beyligi (=Princedom), who was the biggest Turkish bugger to Ottomans at the time.

Turks originally came from Middle Asia, though it's been quite some time, like centuries, and our phenotypes have been changed, maybe there's a meaning to that resemblence.
 
Origin of Japanese

Thanks Jiyuu for your comment. It is important to stay on science, and keep a compitable distance from politically and racially motivated side of this topic. If you find any publications I have not posted, you are more than welcome to contirbute. Even if you haven't found one, I think it is worthwhile to chat about japanese origins, and ethnicities.
There are many references which you could google, or if you want some maps before your journey, here is a nice site compiling anything related to japan.
http://members.aol.com/chopstcks/japan/japan4.htm
 
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hirai09-1.jpg

kenchan-1.jpg
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What do you think of this Japanese singer?
He is pure Japanese.
http://metropolis.co.jp/biginjapan/380/biginjapaninc.htm
Hirai's soulful voice, piercing falsettos and unconventional looks may have earned him adoring fans, but as a teenager he had quite a complex about his appearance. "I really wanted to change my face. I wanted a flat, very typical Japanese or Asian face," he recently told Time. Although he is pure Japanese, his decidedly Caucasian profile and curly hair set him apart and suit his choice of music style.
 
Ken Hirai is Another Brad Pitt?

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My wife cannot believe Ken Hirai is Japanese, and definitly looks almost identical to Brad Pitt.

We are ONE family!
 
I recall that there is Youtube video on the Japanese genetic: youtube.com/watch?v=4T3tQGU8Q7c
 
I recall that there is Youtube video on the Japanese genetic: youtube.com/watch?v=4T3tQGU8Q7c
I know this TV program. As far as I checked, program was created in/before 1999. Studies I cited are dated 2004 and 2006 for your information.

(1) Date of Program was on 1999, well outdated for the kind of credible sources in genetic studies.

(2) Hora is a japanese scholor, and he did not have any third party readers for his result. Obscure to be taken seriously.

(3) mtDNA is short sequence, so short that any results of mtDNA are low quality and rarely cited in academic journal.

This youtube link has been posted in many china forums. Seems that many chinese people likes the results, but they didn't seem to notice that it's outdated source.
 
Excuse me, mind my question if it is too forward... but I want to know why Asian people have slanted eyes? Anybody know?

Mauricio
 
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