diplomacy of Meiji

[caster51]

the rule is treated by the convenient way of the strong country
it can tread down the small country in power. 　by Bismarck
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck

As for Japanese diplomacy at the beginning of the Meiji era, this word was
learnt by a lot of scenes.
When the Japan was opened at end of Edo period, an unequal agreement was
concluded by western power
Japan was deprived of the right to multiply the tax for imports.
The commodity imported by a low price confused Japanese economy and became big
social issues.
There is no right to judge foreigner's crime in Japan by the Japanese.

Western Europe nations pressed such an unequal agreement against Asia by
military power.
And, it was a means to obtain various rights.

In Japan, there was a sense of crisis to the colonization by this unequal
agreement.

1871 Japan sent Washington the mission for the treaty revision.
The mission presents the president the sovereign message from Japan.

Japan starts to row the international society of rough sea at this moment.

At first, It was said whether there was an authority of which the mission signs treaty.

It was not being written that they had the complete power of attorney in
the Japan's credentials

Only the discussed authority was given to them, and there was no carte blanche
card.
Japan did not know at all about the system of Western Europe nations as a matter of course

they said "The authority to the agreement is not given to you. Not the representative in the country but the discussions with you are difficult. " they refused them
The shock of the Japanese mission was inscrutable.

the mission knew that the revision of the treaty was impossible if it did not follow the rule of their Western Europe for the time being.
It is not possible to go up to the ring of the fight if it doesn't know it.

They spend four months to receive the letter of attorney of Emperor Meiji and
shuttle to Japan and the United States.

However,The United States refused the revision of an unequal agreement again because it was said legal systems was not made yet in Japan.

And, the United States demands collateral as concession one after another.
The world paid attention to this negotiation.
It is because in an unequal agreement, there are articles that the mission
did not know.
It is because there is an important interests for Western Europe nations other than the United States.

that was an article of most favored nation in the unequal agreement
if Japan gave rights to a certain country,other countries can obtain the same rights one-sided without collateral security.
so,if Japan gives the United States new rights for the revision,Germany is to be able to obtain the same rights automatically .
Western Europe nations thought that the Japanese mission did not know these articles that they had
concluded .
It was not a negotiation any longer.

It was a small country in the Asia tossed at by the rule of Western Europe that was drawn
by the Meiji era new government and the United States agreement revision negotiation. that was samall Japan.

Afterwards, the mission went to the Europe for observation
They switched the purpose to the observation

at first, It was the great Briten
The national power of those days' Britain far surpassed the United States.
The purpose of the mission turned into investigating such prospered thing and the secret
The mission recorded the town and the society in detail. ................

To escape colonizing, Japan can do nothing but know the Western Europe society and
practice their rule.
This became the policy of the Meiji government

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　つづく
http://www.jacar.go.jp/iwakura/index3.html

opium war


satuma vs Britain


Choshu vs Britain

[caster51]

Iwakura ambassadors have left a huge report with more than 300 pics of copperplate engravings.

There is an article that compares China at that time with Japan in the Times 1872.
"Japan determined the civilization of Western Europe to be accepted as not the enemy but a friend.It was different from bureaucrat's of Qing attitude. "

anyway,The British evaluated Japan that positively entered the civilization of Western

in 1973, next visit of Iwakura ambassadors was Berlin.
Ambassador Germany to Japan at that time sent Bismarck a surprising report.
that was a plan of invasion of Hokkaido and a colony.
this document shows Japan is eagerly aimed as just a booty

Bismarck said to the Japanese ambassadors at dinner party
"the rule is treated by the convenient way of the strong country
it can tread down the small country in power."
Bismarck overwhelmed the Japanese ambassadors with Remark、advice and power that can be taken even if it threatens.
as for situation of the international society at that time, the Japanese ambassador was made to be known as the law of the jungle

they knew it again
"To escape colonizing, Japan can do nothing but know the Western Europe society and practice their rule."

Foreigners in Japan were being interested in the trend of the ambassador.
their newspaper said "We do not doubt Japan obtained the key lesson though Japan was not able to revise an unequal agreement"
""Japan should acquire rights by the method done by Western nations in Asia.""
They were watching the futures of Japanese diplomacy calmly.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　つづく





plan of invasion of Hokkaido

[caster51]

So far as the Korean Courtiers Observation Mission thought to reflect their Japanese experiences in Korea, its trip to Japan can be considered an epoch-making event in the history of Korean modernization. The Mission - 12 middle-ranked officials, 27 attendants (students included), 12 translators (among them 2 Japanese), and 13 lackeys, 64 persons in total - stayed in Japan for 4 month in 1881, making a detailed observation of its modern structures. That was the first serious attempt to introduce Western institutions, using Japan as a model, in Korean history.........

http://www.geocities.com/volodyatikhonov/Huhenglish.htm

korean mission to Japan at that time..........

[caster51]

in 1876, Japan and Chosun dynasty concluded Treaty of Ganghwa.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ganghwa

that was　done as same as western way.

at that time of british newspaper said




And, Japan promoted a further change to the Westernized.



TOKYO great remodeling plan
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%...A8%88%E7%94%BB
that was a plan that the Japanese government want to promot.
there are many pics of blueprint in Germany..
why are there in Germany.
why did Japan request to German?

this blueprint is new Imperial Palace
even Imperial Palace was tried to change to western style



after kido and Okubo death, Inoue desired to the revision of an unequal agreement
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoue_Kaoru
He thought that he had to show foreigner's eyes plainly that Japan was a member of the West because of revising an unequal agreement

that was why foreigner called it monky.....


in 1885, Inoue sent a notification to western countries to revise an unequal agreement.
However, western countries refused it firmly again.


compromise plan



at last, the Japanese ppl started opposition movement against that because of the disgrace.
Inoue resigned and that tokyo plan was frustrated on the way.

つづく

[tokapi]

富國強兵 ( Fukoku Kyouhei ) was a popular slogan amongst reformers or modernizers of Meiji Japan.

Explain the theory origin & who initiated it ?

[caster51]

富国強兵(wealth and military strength of a country)
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%...BC%B7%E5%85%B5

http://japanesestudies.arts.kuleuven...ijifin/node/87

at that time ,there was a discussion about wealth and military strenght because these were contrary .

military strength needs money from ppl.
therefore we need wealth. then 殖産興業 was needed as policy
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%...88%88%E6%A5%AD
mitsui , mitubishi ,sumitomo and some Zaibatu were established under protection of Meiji G.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaibatsu
western nation was taking colonial policy for 400 years.
I think that the sense of crisis at this time was terrible.....
they plundered the land of American indian, Austraian Aborigine.....

when mission went to USA and Europe, they stopped and saw the current state of miserable colonies

samurai mission and Sphinx
http://inforyoma.com/bakumatu/sisatudan.htm

[caster51]

then....Fukuzawa's Datsu-A ron
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsu-A_Ron



Meiji Constitution in 1889

Imperial or Meiji Constitution, was the fundamental law of the Empire of Japan from 29 November 1890 until 2 May 1947. Enacted after the Meiji Ishin, it provided for a form of constitutional monarchy based on the Prussian model, in which the Emperor of Japan was an active ruler and wielded considerable political power, but shared this with an elected diet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Constitution
legal systems of Japan was finally completed.

Japan started the revision negotiation of an unequal agreement again.
nevertheless ,Western nations rejected the revision of the unequal treaty again.

It was Britain that most strongly opposed that.
Times said "We undo the chain that only Japan applied in babyhood in orient nations. There is a big distance between the baby and the adult. It is not time when it still revises the agreement now. "





why dont western nation revise the agreement?
they showed the westerner was a ruler.

it made Japan to recall it again...

the rule is treated by the convenient way of the strong country
it can tread down the small country in power

Japan recognized that it was logic of power in the international society
again.

Hirofumi Ito said "The civilization of Western is the Christianity. There is no sincerity to the pagan at all. I do enhancement of the armament's best.Do not neglect preparations usually."

in 1890', The armament of Japan was getting to be expanded and consolidated.
And, it creates tension between Qing and Japan.
Shanghai newspaper criticize Japan every day.
"Japan dont know land is small, ppl are poor and lack of finance....
chosun was our vassal state"

Britain changed eyes that saw Japan completely becuase Britain was doing the rights and interests duel in various parts of Asia mainly Afghanistan against Russia at that time

And ,It was clear that Russia was aiming at east Asia.
However, it is not a good policy for Britain to bring the war potential and to oppose Russia in far east Asia.
Britain thought that they were going to use military power of Japan to restrain Russia.
It was a technique to be able to do the logic of power by the strong country exactly.

Times


Britain generously treats the wish for Japan, and Japan is　makes to owe the obligation.And, Japan is made to cooperate with Britain.
Japan will contribute to advancement to China for Britain indirectly and directly.

In 1891, The anxiety of Britain to Russia has deepened.
because Russia started constructing Siberian railway.
As a result, Russia spurred the east Asia advancement.
British government announced acceptance of the revision of the treaty to Japan after a short while.

in 1894,Japan signed a new agreement in London.

Japan was able to judge the crime of the foreigner by a Japanese hand by this treaty at last
it took 22 years since iwakura mission..

after 10 days , Japan and Qing(sino-Japan) WAR started..............
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War

this victory made the strong vigilance of foreign against Japan

つづく

[GodEmperorLeto]

Caster, out of curiosity, what is your contention? Or is this simply a narrative of the development of Japanese realpolitick during the 19th century?

As a historian, I can understand the Japanese attitude toward the West during this time period. European powers and the U.S. were carving up China, and considering the bombardments of Kagoshima and Shimonoseki by American and British navies. Western gunboat diplomacy wasn't the most peaceful form of negotiation.

Originally Posted by tokapi

富國強兵 ( Fukoku Kyouhei ) was a popular slogan amongst reformers or modernizers of Meiji Japan.
Explain the theory origin & who initiated it ?

I think it comes from ancient or medieval China originally, and was adopted by the Japanese during the early Taisho era? I'm not an expert, and if I have the chance, I'll look it up.

[tokapi]

Originally Posted by GodEmperorLeto

I think it comes from ancient or medieval China originally, and was adopted by the Japanese during the early Taisho era?

Good tip .... The Spring and Autumn Period ( Chinese: 春秋時代 )


中国

中国では、春秋戦国時代に諸侯の国が行った政策を「富国強兵」といい、『戦国策』秦策に用例が見える。この時代には各国が諸子百家と呼ばれる思想家たちから人材を登用し 、騎馬戦術や戦車などの新兵器を導入して軍事改革を行った。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Period

日本

日本で明治政府の国策の基本を指す。江戸時代の鎖国が原因で欧米列強に国力で大きな差をつけられ、これが安政の不平等条約という新国家を後々 まで苦しめる結果となったことを教訓とした日本は、地租改正や殖産興業で経済力をつけ (＝富国)、徴兵制や軍制改革により軍備を増強 (＝強兵) して、列強に追いつくことにより条約の改正と国家の保全を目指した。

富國強兵 ( Fukoku Kyouhei ),the basis of national policy of Japan's Meiji Government

The land tax revision and the encouragement of new industry ( = rich nation ),The armament is reinforced by the military conscription and the military system reform ( = strong military )

Source: http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%...BC%B7%E5%85%B5

[GodEmperorLeto]

Spring and Autumn? Wow. I didn't know it was from before the Han Dynasty.

[caster51]

Caster, out of curiosity, what is your contention? Or is this simply a narrative of the development of Japanese realpolitick during the 19th century?

OK.you know that well.
however, there are some parts that you dont want to hear.


I think we should understand this diplomacy of Meiji and this background at that time because The causes in this age might influence even today's results
what ppl though at that time is real history.



As for the problem of the comfort women , whaling problem
and the fingerprinting ,,etc. might be so ?

and Japan is western country?
Nop, Indeed, japan can not become it even though japan wants to ....

anyway it is not finished...

sorry ,An introduction got longer for you

[tokapi]

The Japanese have studied Chinese classics for *very* long time,and some manuscripts were just better kept there than in China. Japanese editions of many works are actually considered superior to Chinese ones, and translators of classics are often advised to use at least one Japanese edition of the work. As a matter of fact, historiographic books like Loewe's devote a separate paragraph to the listing of Japanese editions of each work.

[tokapi]

Hey,caster51.I have another 4-character Chinese idiom.How it influenced Japan's incompassionate diplomatic relationship & foreign policy toward NE Asia neighbors ?

弱肉強食 ( Jakuniku Kyôshoku )

弱い者が強い者のえじきになること。強い者が弱い者を思うままに滅ぼして、繁栄すること。▽「強食弱肉きょ うしょくじゃくにく」ともいう。

Source: http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/idiom/se...w=25&cate=sort

[caster51]

弱肉強食 ( Jakuniku Kyôshoku )

yes Japan learnt world at that time as law of Jungle.
to eat or to be eaten...

we konw we can not Judge it with today's value.
If it is judged , it is arrogant.

why Japan was going to WAR?
it tells it mighy be Inevitability...in the Flow of history


what we should learn from this?
I think that is a main problem to avoid war from lesson of history

There is a country that requests military forces in whale's problem, too.
It is regrettable that there is a country that uses the technique of the threat.

[tokapi]

Originally Posted by caster51

弱肉強食 ( Jakuniku Kyôshoku )

yes .. Japan learnt world at that time as law of Jungle,to eat or to be eaten...

we know we can not Judge it with today's value.

What actions Japan unsympathetically have taken & imposed on neighboring NE Asia nations as result of it ( 弱肉強食 Jakuniku Kyôshoku ),can you provide ....

[Chi65]

Originally Posted by tokapi

The Japanese have studied Chinese classics for *very* long time,and some manuscripts were just better kept there than in China. Japanese editions of many works are actually considered superior to Chinese ones, and translators of classics are often advised to use at least one Japanese edition of the work. As a matter of fact, historiographic books like Loewe's devote a separate paragraph to the listing of Japanese editions of each work.

May I add, that there is another bridge to be considered, since it is used a lot.
The Koreans also have a very large amount of works from ancient China, translated into Hangul (I suppose, because of them having been ruled by China for longer), thus much easier to read than the older Japanese ones, if they are not translated into our signs.
Therefor the often close connections between China and Korea in Asian sections of Universities in the West. Japanese is considered to be more difficult, although, as for learning the language itself, its pretty much equally difficult for the West.
This additionally shows, that there is a difficulty of understanding (also culture)based on or when it comes to language problems.

While arts from the east for example changed our views and expressions considerably if not basically (I am working on distributing this, pals, for long already, and many more did already, don't you worry!), particularly when there was the Paris Expo (1967, to my knowledge), that was attended by Japan too, and since then all those wonderfull pictures coming from Japan.
Its still underrated, but will come out more and more.

The French-Japanese relations are a special chapter, particularly in regards of cultural influences from both sides. No van Gogh or all the other big ones since without thanking Japan. . .there is even more on dancing etc.

Not all of the west was sleeping or wanting to run Japan over. . .in contrary, it was more than welcome to the artists and artlovers for example, who very well bowed their heads, and some still do in this matter

[Hiroyuki Nagashima]

Originally Posted by tokapi

富國強兵 ( Fukoku Kyouhei ) was a popular slogan amongst reformers or modernizers of Meiji Japan.
Explain the theory origin & who initiated it ?

You must consider thought of the late Tokugawa period about FUKOKU-KYOHEI.
水戸学　"MITO-GAKU"
http://www.lib.ibaraki.ac.jp/mitogaku/s01.html

http://www.lib.ibaraki.ac.jp/mitogaku/
This must know the Mito Tokugawas of the Edo Shogunate foundation period and,
大日本史 "DAIIHONSHI"
As for this history book, Mitsukuni Mito of Mito Tokugawa let a vassal edit it,
It took 250 years to be completed.

Though it was the Tokugawas, thanks to editing of this document, Mito Tokugawa had principle of advocating reverence for the Emperor.

Politics reform and armaments substantiality,
It was a common theme of a thinker of this time.

Consideration about Shouin Yoshida who is a teacher of a very important person of the Meiji government is important.

And you must know Sakuma SYOZAN which is a teacher of Shouin Yoshida.

[caster51]

even many Japanese do not know how Hawaii became a colony of USA.

anyway, in 1881, King David Kalakaua I. came to Japan to meet meiji emperor.
The proposal of King David Kalakaua I – the attempted Japan + Hawai Federation


He was a first man as a sovereign to came to Japan.
His request was....
1)カラカウア王の姪で王位継承者のカイウラニ王女と、山階宮定麿親王（後の東伏見宮依仁親王）と の縁組。

King David Kalākaua, the last reigning king of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, visited Japan during his round-the-world tour of 1881. He was the first foreign head of state to visit Japan. During his visit, he proposed a marital alliance between the royal houses of Japan and Hawai'i, wherein his niece (Princess Ka'iulani) would marry Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito (then styled Prince Yamashina Yorihito). Nothing came of the proposal, which might have made a significant impact on the eventual fate of the Kingdom of Hawaii

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_...shimi_Yorihito
2)日本・ハワイの合邦（連邦）。
M&A of Japan

3)日本・ハワイ間の海底電線（ケーブル）敷設。
Construction of undersea cable between Hawaii and Japan

4)日本主導による「アジア連邦」の実現。
implementation of Asian federation of states by main leadership of japan

Princess Ka'iulani
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Kaiulani
The fate of the Hawaii kingdom was multiplied by this surprising proposal.
hawaii is islands as same as Japan.
The population of the Hawaiian who did not have immunity due to sickness that the Europe and America people had brought in had decreased sharply at that time.
He thought The way things are going, the Hawaiian ruins with the Hawaii kingdom.
i think it was natural for him...
his plan was ..it makes the japanese to be Hawaiian.
westerner who has come to Hawaii in the background of arms and interfered in politics.
Endurance of cheap pay and diligent, honest Japanese immigrant.......
I think he liked the Japanese industrious and pure mind.

This idea was not achieved.
however, this plan applied.....


in 1893, american did Coup d'etat in hawaii with Armament.
They overthrow the monarchic government and establish the junta.

At this time, Japan sent two warships to Hawaii because of the Japanese protection, made it moor in the Honolulu naval port, and threatened the coup d'etat power.

It might be a reason or fate of the confrontation of Japan and the United States...???

[caster51]

Treaty of Shimonoseki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki

Article 1: China recognizes definitively the full and complete independence and autonomy of Korea, and, in consequence, the payment of tribute and the performance of ceremonies and formalities by Korea to China, that are in derogation of such independence and autonomy, shall wholly cease for the future.
Articles 2 & 3: China cedes to Japan in perpetuity and full sovereignty of the Pescadores group, the island of Formosa and the eastern portion of the bay of Liao-tung together with all fortifications, arsenals and public property.

in 1895,Japan got Liaodong Peninsula....
As a result, Oriental diplomacy that centered on China ended.
then ,the diplomacy relation of like Western countries started by Japan.


this room was turning point that Japan began to behave like Western Europe in the background of military power.
it was also a thuning point that wastern nations changed the view....that is ,vigilance to Japan


after 6 days, Russia, France and Germany sent lettees to demand" the restoration of Liaodong Peninsula" to china. its main leader was Russian
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Intervention

Russia that planned the east Asia advancement had been doing other powers and plots repeatedly before the peace conference.
Triple Intervention was a threat to Japan by military power.

Japanese Government asks for help to Britain.
The answer of Britain doesn't take part at all for this matter.
Japan could not help restoring Liaodong Peninsula to China.

after 3 years, Russia succeeded in the lease of Liaodong Peninsula from China.
As a result, at last Russia has expanded power to the northeast part of China.
The following catch of Russia was Korea.

and wetern nations have known how weak china was.
they started to rape China like the piranhas.

It was thought that contempt to the Orient was able to be wiped and to be left if the Japanese did the same thing as the West civilization at first.
However, the success cannot be gotten admitting, no matter how the Japanese makes an effort.

then, respect was obtained by winning the Sino-Japanese War far more than peacefully developing during half a century.

Japan knew this fact by public opinion of international society
Japan thought " what Japan should do to sit on front row in the age"

A militarism and various evils were caused by doing the same idea as Western
nations. Japan paid high compensation as a lesson.
I think it will be the same in the future.

つづく

[caster51]

Meiji Government official's trauma , Kobe incident..
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%...BA%8B%E4%BB%B6

As a corollary to the above elaborate statement of the ceremonies proper to be observed at the hara-kiri, I may here describe an instance of such an execution which I was sent officially to witness. The condemned man was Taki Zenzaburo...........The condemned man was Taki Zenzaburo, an officer of the Prince of Bizen, who gave the order to fire upon the foreign settlement at Hyōgo in the month of February 1868

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepukku


His harakiri saved japan at that time.

"I, and I alone, unwarrantably gave the order to fire on the foreigners at Kobe, and again as they tried to escape. For this crime I disembowel myself, and I beg you who are present to do me the honour of witnessing the act."

in 1867~1868
Meiji Restoration was done..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration
in 1867, many foreigners landed at Kobe..
the truth was........
The sailors of France crossed the procession of the Bizen clan.
these samurais were pulling the cannon.
They tried to stop a Franch sailor with the spear.
To help the companion, sailors brought the gun.
Taki who had seen it shouted the "gun gun".
The samurai gun corps misunderstood it as a launching instruction.
A foreign fleet did the threat attack of the emergency.
Pandemonium in the Kobe town.......
at last ,Kobe city was occupied by Foreigner of the Britans ,french...

They demanded the death penalty of the person in charge from the new government though there was no Foreign deceased.

Hirofumi Ito was a negosiater of Bizen-han and Foreigners.
Ito suffered.
Taki undertook the post of the capital punishment.
The foreigner requested attendance to hara-kiri by an international rule.

辞世

きのふみし　夢は今更引かへて　神戸が宇良に　名をやあげなむ

Ito said to them " you saw it"
Kobe incident was settled with his death
He voluntarily assumed the responsibility to save japan to be colonized..
The Kobe City people expressed gratitude and praised his distinguished services.

I think this method of Foreign activists is not changed in.......

[caster51]

Meiji government also sent military officers to watch the WARS like Spanish-American War, even second Boer War...
they reported many various details..
And, it prepares to Russo-Japanese War.

The excuse of Britain is very interesting.
Everyone understands the diamond and Gold were the aims in Britain.
It is quite the same as the Iraq invasion of Bush, that was for oil.

the concentration camp was made there. and 20,000 people among 120,000 were killed there like...


BTW.
Satsuma Rebellion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion

軍事的意義
徴兵制による国民皆兵体制が定着した。士族を中心にした薩軍に、徴兵を主体とした政府軍が勝利したことで、 士族出身の兵士も農民出身の兵士も戦闘力に違いはないことが実証された。政府軍は勝利の原因が、近代的装備 、火力、通信手段、指揮能力の違いにあったことを正しく把握していた。TNA戦争後の軍の近代化路線では、 徴兵を基盤とした常備軍を置き、装備統帥の近代化を追求する路線に変更はなかった。

一方で、兵力と火力に勝っていながら、鎮台兵は戦術的戦闘ではしばしば薩軍士族兵に敗北した。兵士の戦意、 士気の問題は政府軍にとって解決すべき課題であった。西南戦争の教訓から、徴兵兵士に対する精神教育を重視 する傾向が強まった。薩軍の士気が高かったのは西郷隆盛が総大将であったからだと考えた明治政府は、天皇を 大日本帝国陸軍・海軍の大元帥に就かせて軍の士気高揚を図るようになった。

Why did Japan make much of the moral education?
As for the victory of government troops, modern equipment and the difference of the command ability were clear.

however,Government troops were occasionally defeated in a strategic combat.
Soldier's fighting spirit and the problem of morale were the problem to be
solved for government troops.

The Meiji government thought that the morale of Satsuma army was high because Saigo was a total general.
The Meiji government made the emperor the generalissimo of the imperial army and navy
and ,it came to attempt the morale uplift of the army.

[tokapi]

Originally Posted by caster51

Western nations rejected the revision of the unequal treaty again.

No ordinary Chinese ever taught at school and only a few of them have a clue that Japan was once victimized by Westerm imperial powers ...

[caster51]

off topic.
Japan appeared to the history of the West and reached near western power's shoulder in 40 years.
I think that there is not only existence of a rare sense
of crisis but also advantage of Japanese language.

which also contained a vision for Japan’s new statehood. The book – which became a 150-200 thousand copies-selling bestseller – effectively implanted into the Japanese minds the dream of establishment of a modern nation-state – the product of Western modernity.

http://www.geocities.com/volodyatikhonov/Huhenglish.htm
it was not so difficult for concepts and ultra-fine field in the West to translate into Japanese beause of katakana and hiragana.
The reason studying abroad for the Japanese today is a mere
language lesson.
A state-of-the-art or ultra-fine field books are translated and used easily.
I need not go to the Harvard university.
And, there is not a guarantee that becomes rich either.
i just thought it is difficult for korean and chinese to get wetern concept and logic to translate into their language?
I am wondered　that Chinese is not inconvenient even if there is no particle and 格変化
a Kanji of image for the chinese is far wider than the Japanese think.
It is said that a lot of Chinese characters are omitted when the Japanese shows the Chinese poem to famous Chinese master poet.
It is because the concept of his Chinese character is wide.
because it is based on the chinses History..
that is way The knowledge of all ancient writings was needed for the eunuch.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuch
anyway,
A lot of countries have a hard time in the processing of the loan word.
When the outpatient civilization enters Japan once, it is translated into
Japanese.
A new one after another concept can be created by the combination and the
permutation of the Chinese character.
The march of civilization is a competition for the concept creation.
and ,It has a peculiar particle that expresses slight, delicate emotion and feelings in this.
The Japanese can read the literature of China in Japanese, and Japanese itself is not changed at all.
it is not read as Chinese. it is read as Japanese
The world of classics of Chinese ancient times of a rich content and the
comprehension of the religion and the law are maintained.
However,I think logic etc. are not accurately told in the Chinese writing.
It might be a cause that development afterwards has been prevented from China 's great ancient civilization.
even today, It seems not to be able to do an advanced education if not going to study to Europe and America in South Korea and china?
It divides into two grassroots.....
the migration becomes the only method.......
the international students of an abnormal number of South Korea are
symbols of the tragedy of the South Korea culture. ?
just thought

P.S. Japanese language's weak point in sentence.
"Yes" and "No" are not clear grammaticaly
it is sometimes Vagueness because of shame culture

[tokapi]

off-topic ...

The root cause is entrenched Sinocentrism and have been stifled the advancements of China to this day.Chinese civilization & culture have " foreign " elements,India & Arab traders had great influences on China in the past.

The truth is Qing Dynasty only had 150 glorious years,the rest were down and rooten.Then came the British and French

[caster51]

Hi. tokapi.

he knew that..
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sun_Ya...n_Pan-Asianism

However, Even if either is chosen, it would be a hell.